๐ŸŽจ Lecture 07 ยท UI = ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดูˆูู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆุฒุฑ

UI Design, Usability & Accessibility

ุฅุฒุงูŠ ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ UIุŸ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… SUS scoringุŒ ูˆ Nielsen's 10 heuristicsุŒ ูˆ POUR accessibility. ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ููŠ Winter 2025 (4+ MCQs).

9
Chapters
10
Nielsen Rules
4
POUR Principles
8
Exam Qs
01

Examples of Bad Designs

ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ุตุญุŒ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุบู„ุท. ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุจูŠุฏูŠ 7 ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.

โš ๏ธ ุงู„ู€ 7 ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠุฉ
1. Inconsistent Doors (Push vs Pull)
ุจุงุจูŠู† ุดูƒู„ู‡ู… ุดุจู‡ ุจุนุถุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ push ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ pullุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ user ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠุฌุฑุจ ุนู„ุดุงู† ูŠุนุฑู. ุฏูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ consistency.
2. Stove Knobs (Poor Layout)
4 burners ููŠ ู…ุฑุจุน ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ knobs ููŠ ุตู ุฃูู‚ูŠ. ู…ุด ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃูŠ knob ูŠุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุฃูŠ burner. ุฏูŠ Mapping problem.
3. CFC Sign (Unclear Labels)
"GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER โ€” CFC โ€” GOAL 457000". ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ CFC ูˆ 457000 ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุถุญุฉ. Not self-evident.
4. Elevator Buttons (Poor Organization)
ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠู† ู…ุด ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ. ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ: 2, 1, 8, 9. ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†: 7, 6, 5, 4, 3. ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ููˆุถูˆูŠ.
5. NY Times Homepage 2012 (Cluttered)
ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุตูุญุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ. ุงู„ู€ user ู…ุด ุนุงุฑู ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู†ูŠู†. ุฏูŠ Cognitive overload.
6. Door with "PULL" written on push-style handle
ุงู„ู€ handle ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ "ุงุถุบุท"ุŒ ุจุณ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง PULL ุจู‚ู„ู…. ุฏูŠ Contradicting affordancesุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุจูŠุชุญุฏู‰ ู†ูุณู‡.
7. "Invalid password format" (No Help)
ุงู„ู€ system ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ password ุบู„ุทุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ุด ุงู„ู€ format ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ. ุงู„ู€ user ู…ุด ุนุงุฑู ูŠุตู„ุญ ุฅูŠู‡.
๐Ÿ’ก ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุตุฉBad UI = ุงู„ู€ user ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ูŠููƒุฑ ูƒุชูŠุฑุŒ ูŠุญูุธ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฌุฑุจ. Good UI = ุงู„ู€ system ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู„ู€ user ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฅูŠู‡ ูˆุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ ุจูˆุถูˆุญ.
02

Usability โ€” 3 Pillars

ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠ ู…ู† ISO + ุงู„ู€ 3 ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ: Effectiveness, Efficiency, Satisfaction.

๐Ÿ“– ISO Definition
Usability is the extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use.
โ€” ISO

"We can't predict a software system's usability without testing it with real users." โ€” Ferre et al., 2001

๐ŸŽฏ Effectiveness

ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ system ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุบุฑุถู‡: ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู€ user ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุฎู„ุต ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุจู†ุฌุงุญุŸ

ู…ุซุงู„: Banking app โ€” ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู€ user ู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุญูˆู‘ู„ ูู„ูˆุณ ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉุŸ ู†ุนู… โ†’ effective.

โšก Efficiency

ุงู„ู€ user ุจูŠุฎู„ุต ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠู‡ ูˆุจู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ

ู…ุซุงู„: Banking app โ€” ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ูู„ูˆุณ ููŠ 2 clicks ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† 10 clicks. ุงู„ู€ 2 clicks ุฃูƒุชุฑ efficient.

๐Ÿ˜Š Satisfaction

ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฑุถุง ุงู„ู€ user ุนู† ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ. ุจุชุชู‚ุงุณ ุจุงู„ู€ feedback ุฃูˆ surveys.

ู…ุซุงู„: ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ intuitiveุŒ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุจุตุฑูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูˆ easy to navigate โ†’ ุงู„ู€ user ุฑุงุถูŠ.

๐Ÿ“Œ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ุงู„ู€ 3 ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุฏูŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ. ู…ู…ูƒู† app ูŠูƒูˆู† effective (ุจูŠุฎู„ุต ุงู„ุดุบู„) ุจุณ not efficient (ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ูˆู‚ุช) ูˆ not satisfying (ุงู„ู€ UI ูˆุญุด). ุงู„ู‡ุฏู: ุงู„ู€ 3 ู…ุน ุจุนุถ.
03

Why Usability Matters

ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุทูˆุฑ ยท Common pitfalls ยท Business impact.

๐Ÿ‘ค User-Centered Design

ุชุตู…ูŠู… software ูŠุชูˆุงูู‚ ู…ุน ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ูˆุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠู†.

๐Ÿ’ผ Business Impact

Usability ูˆุญุดุฉ โ†’ users ุบูŠุฑ ุฑุงุถูŠู† โ†’ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ support costs โ†’ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุชุจู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ู„.

๐Ÿ† Competitive Advantage

Usable software โ†’ user satisfaction ุฃุนู„ู‰ โ†’ retention ุฃุนู„ู‰ โ†’ ู†ุฌุงุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚.

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุทูˆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Usability
  • Involvement in Design โ€” ุงู„ู€ Developers ูŠุดุงุฑูƒูˆุง ุจุฏุฑูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุนุดุงู† ูŠุฏู…ุฌูˆุง ุงู„ู€ usability ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ.
  • Collaboration with Designers โ€” ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ุน UX/UI designers ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุตู„ alignment ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ุฏุงู ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃู‡ุฏุงู UX.
  • Iterative Development โ€” ุชุญุณูŠู†ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ู…ุน continuous user feedback ูˆ testing.
โš ๏ธ Common Usability Pitfalls
ุงู„ู€ Pitfallุงู„ู€ description
Feature Creepุฅุถุงูุฉ features ูƒุชูŠุฑุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฏุงุนูŠ โ†’ ุงู„ู€ interface ู…ุฒุฏุญู…
Ignoring User Feedbackุฅู‡ู…ุงู„ ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ูˆุณู„ูˆูƒูŠุงุช ุงู„ู€ users ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠูŠู†
Overcomplicating Interfacesุชุตู…ูŠู…ุงุช ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
Lack of Testingุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูุชุฑุงุถุงุช ุงู„ู€ developers ุจุฏูˆู† validation
๐Ÿ˜‚ ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ุฑุนุจAdvanced Volume Control โ€” 100 radio buttons ู…ู† 1 ู„ู€ 100 ุจุฏู„ slider. ู…ุซุงู„ ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠ ู„ู€ terrible UI.
04

System Usability Scale (SUS) โญ

ุฃู‡ู… metric ููŠ ุงู„ู€ usability. ุณุคุงู„ Winter 2025 Q1.16 ูƒุงู† ุนู† ุญุณุงุจ SUSุŒ ูˆู‡ุชุนุฑู ุชุญุณุจู‡ ู‡ู†ุง.

๐Ÿ“Š What is SUS?
  • Standardized questionnaire ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ usability.
  • ุทูˆู‘ุฑู‡ John Brooke ุณู†ุฉ 1986.
  • ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ุงู‹ ููŠ UX research.
  • 10 questionsุŒ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู…ู† 1 (Strongly Disagree) ู„ู€ 5 (Strongly Agree).
๐Ÿ“ ุงู„ู€ 10 ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ (Odd = positive, Even = negative)
#QuestionType
1I think I would like to use this system frequently+
2I found the system unnecessarily complexโˆ’
3I thought the system was easy to use+
4I think I would need the support of a technical personโˆ’
5I found the various functions were well integrated+
6I thought there was too much inconsistencyโˆ’
7I would imagine that most people would learn this system very quickly+
8I found the system very cumbersome to useโˆ’
9I felt very confident using the system+
10I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get goingโˆ’
๐Ÿงฎ Scoring Formula โญ
  1. For odd questions (1, 3, 5, 7, 9): subtract 1 from user response.
  2. For even questions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10): subtract user response from 5.
  3. This scales all values from 0 to 4.
  4. Sum all 10 converted values (range 0 to 40).
  5. Multiply by 2.5 โ†’ final score 0 to 100.
SUS Formula
// For each odd question (Q1, Q3, Q5, Q7, Q9):
converted = response - 1

// For each even question (Q2, Q4, Q6, Q8, Q10):
converted = 5 - response

// Final score:
SUS = (sum of all converted values) ร— 2.5
๐Ÿ“ˆ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
ScoreGradeุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ
80.3+APeople love it & recommend it
โ‰ฅ 68CAbove average โ€” OK but can improve
~ 68AvgAverage โ€” needs improvement
< 51FMake usability priority NOW
๐Ÿงฎ SUS Interactive Calculator

ุฌุฑุจ ุชุญุณุจ SUS ู…ู† ุฑุฏูˆุฏ ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ูˆุงุญุฏ. ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ู…ู† 1 (strongly disagree) ู„ู€ 5 (strongly agree):

Q1+
I would use it frequently
Q2โˆ’
Unnecessarily complex
Q3+
Easy to use
Q4โˆ’
Need tech support
Q5+
Functions well integrated
Q6โˆ’
Too much inconsistency
Q7+
Easy to learn
Q8โˆ’
Cumbersome to use
Q9+
Confident using it
Q10โˆ’
Needed to learn a lot
๐Ÿ“Œ Winter 2025 Q1.16 ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ู€ default ููŠ ุงู„ู€ calculator ููˆู‚ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ู‚ูŠู… ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†. ุงุถุบุท Calculate ูˆุดูˆู ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุจู†ูุณูƒ: 85.
โœ… SUS Pros
  • Quick & easy โ€” ุฏู‚ุงูŠู‚ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ.
  • Standardized and reliable.
  • Widely accepted.
โŒ SUS Limitations
  • Subjective โ€” ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุŒ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฌ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ.
  • Limited Granularity โ€” single score ุจุฏูˆู† ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ.
05

UMUX โ€” Usability Metric for User Experience

ุฏู‡ ุดุจู‡ shorter SUS: 4 ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุจุณ ุจุฏู„ 10. ู…ููŠุฏ ู„ู„ู€ rapid prototyping.

โšก ุงู„ู€ 4 ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ (scale 1-7)
  1. [This system's] capabilities meet my requirements.
  2. Using [this system] is a frustrating experience.
  3. [This system] is easy to use.
  4. I have to spend too much time correcting things with this system.
๐Ÿ† UMUX Advantages
  • ุฃู‚ุตุฑ ู…ู† SUS (4 ุจุฏู„ 10 ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ).
  • Strong correlation with SUS โ€” ู„ูˆ SUS ู‡ุชุทู„ุน ูƒุฐุงุŒ UMUX ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ู‡ุชุทู„ุน ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
  • Easy & quick โ€” ู…ุซุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู€ rapid prototyping ุฃูˆ early-stage testing.
06

Nielsen's 10 Usability Heuristics โญ

Jakob Nielsen ุณู†ุฉ 1994. ุฏูŠ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ 10 guidelines ู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุงู„ู€ UIุŒ ูˆู„ุงุฒู… ุชุญูุธู‡ู… ุจุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ.

H1
๐Ÿ‘๏ธ Visibility of System Status
ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุฏุงูŠู…ุงู‹ ู„ุงุฒู… keep users informed ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ุŒ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… feedback ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ูˆููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„. ู…ุซุงู„: progress bar ู„ู„ู€ download.
H2
๐ŸŒ Match Between System and Real World
ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…: ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ. ู…ุซุงู„: iOS Compass app ุจูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู€ compass ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
H3
๐Ÿ”„ User Control and Freedom
ู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ู€ user ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ undo / redoุŒ ูŠุฎุฑุฌุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠู„ุบูŠ. ู…ุซุงู„: confirmation ู‚ุจู„ actions ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ + recovery ู„ู„ู…ู„ูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญุฐูˆูุฉ.
H4
๐Ÿ“ Consistency and Standards
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ terminology ูˆ layout ูˆ behavior ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ. ู…ุซุงู„: ๐Ÿ” magnifying glass ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‹ = search.
H5
๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ Error Prevention
ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† error messages ุจุนุฏู‡ุง. ู…ุซุงู„: Ryanair ุจูŠุนุทู‘ู„ ุงู„ู€ destinations ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ุฑุญู„ุงุช.
H6
๐Ÿ‘€ Recognition Rather Than Recall
ู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ู€ memory load: ุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ objects ูˆุงู„ู€ options ู…ุฑุฆูŠุฉ ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ุงู„ู€ user ูŠุญูุธ. ู…ุซุงู„: dropdown menus ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ุงู„ู€ user ูŠุญูุธ commands.
H7
โšก Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
ุงุฏุนู… ุงู„ู€ novice ูˆุงู„ู€ expert users: shortcutsุŒ customizationsุŒ accelerators. ู…ุซุงู„: Amazon filters ู„ู„ู€ power users.
H8
๐ŸŽจ Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
ู…ุง ุชุญุทุด ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ. ูƒู„ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุจุชุชู†ุงูุณ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ. ู…ุซุงู„: Google Maps ุจูŠุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ UI controls ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
H9
๐Ÿšจ Help Recognize, Diagnose, Recover from Errors
ุงู„ู€ Error messages ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุถุญุฉุŒ ู…ููŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฏูŠ ุญู„ูˆู„. ู…ุซุงู„: IKEA ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„: Password needs 8 chars + uppercase + number.
H10
๐Ÿ“š Help and Documentation
ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู€ system ุณู‡ู„ุŒ ุงู„ู€ help ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ. ู…ุซุงู„: Airbnb Support section ููŠ Profile tab.
๐Ÿ“Œ Winter 2025 Q1.17 ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุจูŠุฏูŠ 4 icons (bell with badge, shopping cart, step indicator, battery level) ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ ุฃูŠู‡ู… ุจูŠุธู‡ุฑ system status. ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ: All four โ€” ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุจูŠุนุฑุถูˆุง status.
07

Accessibility โ€” Definition (ISO)

ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† Usability ูˆ Accessibility: ุงู„ู€ Usability ุจุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† specified usersุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ Accessibility ุชุณุชู‡ุฏู ุฃูˆุณุน ู†ุทุงู‚ ู…ู…ูƒู†.

๐Ÿ“– ISO Definition โญ
Accessibility is the extent to which product, system, services, environments, and facilities can be used by people from the population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use.
โ€” ISO
๐Ÿ“Œ Winter 2025 Q1.18 ุงู„ู€ definition ุฏูŠ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„. ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญูŠุฉ: widest range of characteristics and capabilities. ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ: Accessibility.
๐ŸŽฏ Usability

Targeting specified users in a specified context.

ู…ุซุงู„: app ู„ู…ุญุงุณุจูŠู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช โ€” ุงู„ู€ usability ุจุชู‚ูŠุณ ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุณุจูŠู† ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ.

๐ŸŒ Accessibility

ุงุณุชู‡ุฏุงู widest range ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ users ุจู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ุธุฑูˆู.

ู…ุซุงู„: ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ app โ€” ู‡ู„ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุนู…ู‰ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ุจู€ screen readerุŸ ู‡ู„ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุดุฎุต ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ุญุฑูƒูŠุฉ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ุจูƒูŠุจูˆุฑุฏ ุจุณุŸ

08

POUR โ€” 4 Legal Requirements โญ

Accessibility Regulations 2018 ููŠ UK Public Sector: 4 ุดุฑูˆุท ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ accessible.

P
Perceivable
ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุจุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ
O
Operable
ุงู„ู€ interface ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„
U
Understandable
ุงู„ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ูˆูˆุงุถุญ
R
Robust
ู…ุชูˆุงูู‚ ู…ุน assistive technologies
๐Ÿ‘๏ธ P โ€” Perceivable

ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู€ UI components ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุจุงู„ุญูˆุงุณ (ุจุตุฑุŒ ุณู…ุนุŒ ู„ู…ุณ) ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู….

  • Text Alternatives โ€” ูƒู„ image ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง alt tag ู„ู„ู€ screen readers.
    <img src="search.png" alt="Search button">
  • Color Contrast โ€” high contrast ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุต ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ู„ู€ color-blind users.
  • Audio Content โ€” captions ุฃูˆ transcripts ู„ู„ู€ video/audio ู„ู„ู€ deaf/hard-of-hearing.
โŒจ๏ธ O โ€” Operable

ุงู„ู€ interface ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุจู…ุฎุชู„ู ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฎุงู„: keyboard, mouse, touch, voice.

  • Keyboard Accessibility โ€” ูƒู„ function ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ keyboard (Tab + Enter).
  • Touchscreen Support โ€” buttons ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุชุจุงุนุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู€ motor impairments.
  • Avoid Time Limits โ€” ุฃูˆ ูˆูุฑ ุฎูŠุงุฑ ู„ุชู…ุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
๐Ÿง  U โ€” Understandable

ุงู„ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ูˆุงู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูˆุงุถุญูŠู† ูˆุณู‡ู„ ูู‡ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ู„ู€ cognitive disabilities ุฃูˆ ุฃุตุญุงุจ limited tech knowledge.

  • Easy Language โ€” Enter your email ุจุฏู„ Please provide your contact information.
  • Predictable Navigation โ€” ุงู„ู€ menu ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ.
  • Form Field Labels โ€” ูƒู„ field ุนู†ุฏู‡ label ูˆุงุถุญ.
๐Ÿ’ช R โ€” Robust

ุงู„ู€ system ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูˆุงูู‚ ู…ุน ู…ุฎุชู„ู assistive technologies ู…ุซู„ screen readers ูˆ voice recognition.

  • ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ desktop ูˆ mobile.
  • ูŠุฏุนู… browsers ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
  • ูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ุน JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver.
09

Inclusive Computing

ุชุตู…ูŠู… technology ู„ุฃูˆุณุน ู†ุทุงู‚ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ. 15% of global population = 1 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุดุฎุต.

๐ŸŒ 6 ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู€ Inclusion

๐Ÿง  Cognitive

Dyslexia, learning disabilities

๐Ÿ‘๏ธ Sensory

Vision, hearing impairments

โ™ฟ Physical

Motor impairments, wheelchair users

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ Language

Non-native speakers

๐ŸŒŽ Cultural

Different backgrounds

๐Ÿ’ฐ Socioeconomic

Income, education differences

๐Ÿ’ก Why Does It Matter?
  • 15% of global population ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ.
  • ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู€ tech ู…ุด inclusive = 1 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุดุฎุต ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุนุฑููˆุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุฃุฏูˆุงุชู†ุง.
  • Inclusivity โ†’ better innovation. ู„ู…ุง ุชุตู…ู‘ู… ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุนุŒ ุจุชุฏูุน ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ tech.
Tim Berners-Lee (inventor of the Web): "Power of the web is in its universality. Access by everyone, regardless of disability, is an essential aspect."
๐ŸŽค Case Study #1: Google's Project Euphonia
  • ุงู„ู€ Speech recognition systems ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ุจุชุชุฏุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰ standard speech.
  • ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… speech impairments ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑูˆุด ูŠุณุชููŠุฏูˆุง ูƒูˆูŠุณ.
  • Project Euphonia ุจูŠุฏุฑู‘ุจ AI ุนู„ู‰ non-standard speech.
  • ุจูŠุญุณู‘ู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ voice recognition ู„ุฏุนู… ุงู„ู€ accessibility.
โš–๏ธ Case Study #2: Domino's Pizza (2019)
  • Guillermo Robles โ€” ุฃุนู…ู‰ุŒ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏุฑุด ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… Domino's website/app ุจู€ screen reader.
  • Domino's: ุญุฌุชู‡ุง ุฅู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ADA (1990) ู…ุง ุจูŠุบุทูŠุด ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
  • U.S. Supreme Court: ุฑูุถุช ุงู„ุญุฌุฉ. ุงู„ู€ ADA applies to digital platforms.
  • ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ: ุงู„ู€ Digital accessibility = legal requirement ู…ุด ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ.
๐Ÿข Microsoft Inclusive Design Toolkit โ€” 3 Principles
  1. Recognize Exclusion โ€” ุงุนุฑู ุงู„ู€ bias ูˆุงู„ู€ exclusions ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญุตู„ ุจุณุจุจ mismatch ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ.
  2. Learn from Diversity โ€” ุงู„ู€ Inclusive Design ุจูŠุญุท ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ. perspectives ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ = insights ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ.
  3. Solve for One, Extend to Many โ€” ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู„ู„ู€ permanent disabilities ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุญู„ูˆู„ ุชู†ูุน ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
๐Ÿ’ก ู…ุซุงู„ Solve for One, Extend to ManyCurb cuts (ุงู„ู€ dropped curb ููŠ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน) ุงุชุนู…ู„ุช ุฃุตู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู€ wheelchair usersุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุจุชููŠุฏ stroller users, cyclists, luggage rollers, everyone.
๐Ÿ› ๏ธ Essential Accessibility Features
Featureู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุน
Screen Reader Support (JAWS/NVDA + alt text)Visual impairments
Keyboard Navigation (Tab key access to all elements)Motor impairments
Color Contrast & Text SizeLow vision, color blindness
Captions & TranscriptsHearing impairments
๐ŸŽฏ

Exam Question Bank โ€” Lecture 7

8 ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ. SUS, Nielsen, Accessibility ูƒู„ู‡ู… ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑูŠู†.

Question 1 Fall 2021โ€“22 ยท Q1.15 (Message dialog)
A Message dialog box shows just "This is an error message" with an X icon and an OK button. What is wrong with this UI?
A Cluttered appearance and organization
B Unclear and uninformative error message
C Inconsistent colors
D Unclear what actions the user can take
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: B โ€” Uninformative error message This is an error message ู…ุง ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ุด ุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ error ูˆู„ุง ุฅุฒุงูŠ ุชุตู„ุญู‡. ุฏู‡ violation ู„ู€ H9 (Help users recover from errors).
A โ€” ุงู„ู€ dialog ููŠู‡ element ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู…ุด cluttered. ยท C โ€” ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ. ยท D โ€” ููŠู‡ OK buttonุŒ ูุงู„ู€ action ูˆุงุถุญ.
Question 2 Fall 2021โ€“22 / Winter 2021 ยท Q1.15 (Date dialog)
A Google Fit confirmation dialog shows a date picker with "Fri, Jun 15" and a "DONE" button, but no cancel option. Which UI design principle is violated?
A Use understandable encoding techniques
B Be consistent
C Provide all necessary help
D Ensure users always know what they can do next
E Ensure users can always get out, go back, cancel or undo actions
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: E โ€” User can't cancel/go back ุฏู‡ violation ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ู€ Nielsen H3 (User Control and Freedom). ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู€ user ุฏุฎู„ ุจุงู„ุบู„ุท ูˆู…ุด ุนุงูŠุฒ ูŠุญูุธ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎุŒ ู…ููŠุด ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠู„ุบูŠ.
A โ€” ุงู„ู€ encoding ู„ู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุงุถุญ. ยท B โ€” ุงู„ู€ dialog ู…ุชุณู‚ ู…ุน ุจุงู‚ูŠ Material Design. ยท C โ€” ู…ุด ุนู† ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ. ยท D โ€” ุงู„ู€ user ูŠุนุฑู ูŠุถุบุท DONE.
Question 3 Winter 2025 ยท Q1.10
Which of the following best describes the principle of using understandable encoding techniques in UI design?
A Making sure the UI elements are visually appealing
B Organizing the UI elements in a hierarchical structure
C Using icons and symbols that are universally recognizable
D Implementing animations and transitions for a smoother user experience
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: C โ€” Universal icons/symbols Understandable encoding = ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฑู…ูˆุฒ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‹ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ู…ุซู„ ๐Ÿ” searchุŒ โš™๏ธ settingsุŒ ๐Ÿ”” notification. ุฏู‡ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจู€ Nielsen H2 (Match Between System and Real World).
A โ€” ุงู„ู€ Visual appeal ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุด encoding. ยท B โ€” ุงู„ู€ Hierarchy ุชุฎุต ุงู„ู€ layout ู…ุด ุงู„ู€ symbols. ยท D โ€” ุงู„ู€ Animations ุชุฎุต ุงู„ู€ smoothness ู…ุด encoding.
Question 4 Winter 2025 ยท Q1.16 โญ
A team conducted a SUS test and received these average responses (1=Strongly Disagree, 5=Strongly Agree):

Q1=4, Q2=2, Q3=5, Q4=2, Q5=4, Q6=2, Q7=5, Q8=2, Q9=5, Q10=1

What is the SUS score?
A 85 โ€” Excellent usability
B 32 โ€” Poor usability
C 68 โ€” Average usability
D 34 โ€” Poor usability
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: A โ€” 85 (Excellent) Odd questions (Q1, Q3, Q5, Q7, Q9): response โˆ’ 1
= (4โˆ’1) + (5โˆ’1) + (4โˆ’1) + (5โˆ’1) + (5โˆ’1) = 3+4+3+4+4 = 18

Even questions (Q2, Q4, Q6, Q8, Q10): 5 โˆ’ response
= (5โˆ’2) + (5โˆ’2) + (5โˆ’2) + (5โˆ’2) + (5โˆ’1) = 3+3+3+3+4 = 16

Sum = 34. ร— 2.5 = 85.

ุงู„ู€ score > 80.3 โ†’ grade A โ†’ Excellent.
D (34) โ€” ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ sum ู‚ุจู„ ร— 2.5. ู„ูˆ ู†ุณูŠุช ุชุถุฑุจ ููŠ 2.5ุŒ ู‡ุชุฎุชุงุฑ D. ยท B, C โ€” ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ.
Question 5 Winter 2025 ยท Q1.17
Which of the following icons/UI elements show clearly the system status?
1. ๐Ÿ”” Bell with red badge (notification count)
2. ๐Ÿ›’ Shopping cart with item count
3. Step progress indicator (Step 1 / Step 2 / Step 3 / Step 4)
4. ๐Ÿ”‹ Battery level indicator (50%)
A Only 1, 2 and 4
B Only 1, 3 and 4
C Only 2 and 3
D All four
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: D โ€” All four ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุจูŠุนุฑุถูˆุง status:
  • Bell + badge โ€” ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู€ unread notifications.
  • Cart count โ€” ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู€ items ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cart.
  • Step indicator โ€” ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ flow.
  • Battery โ€” ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู„ู€ Nielsen H1 (Visibility of System Status).
Question 6 Winter 2025 ยท Q1.18
__________ is the extent to which product, system, services, environments, and facilities can be used by people from the population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use.
A Usability
B User satisfaction
C Accessibility
D Efficiency
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: C โ€” Accessibility ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ definition: widest range of characteristics and capabilities. ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุชุนุฑูŠู Accessibility ููŠ ISO.
A (Usability) โ€” Usability ุจุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† specified usersุŒ ู…ุด widest range. ยท B (Satisfaction) โ€” ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ usability ูู‚ุท. ยท D (Efficiency) โ€” ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ usability ูู‚ุท.
Question 7 Winter 2021 ยท Q1.16
Which UI design applies ALL these principles the most?
โ€ข Use understandable encoding techniques
โ€ข Ensure users can always get out, go back, or undo actions
โ€ข Ensure the sequence of actions to do a task is as simple as possible
โ€ข Ensure that the UI's appearance is uncluttered
A (a) Flight details with Round Trip toggle, no back button
B (b) Flight details with empty toggle state
C (c) Flight details with back arrow only
D (d) Flight details with Home + Cancel buttons + Next button
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: D ุงู„ู€ design (d) ุนู†ุฏู‡:
  • Home + Cancel + Next = ุงู„ู€ user ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุฎุฑุฌุŒ ูŠู„ุบูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠูƒู…ู„ (User Control & Freedom).
  • Universal icons ู„ู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑูƒุงุจ (Understandable encoding).
  • Clean layout ุจุฃู‚ุณุงู… ู…ู†ูุตู„ุฉ (Uncluttered).
Question 8 Practice โ€” Nielsen heuristic
When designing an e-commerce site, you make sure that the shopping cart icon always appears in the same top-right position across all pages. Which Nielsen heuristic does this support?
A H1 โ€” Visibility of System Status
B H4 โ€” Consistency and Standards
C H6 โ€” Recognition Rather Than Recall
D H8 โ€” Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
โœ… ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญ: B โ€” Consistency and Standards ุงู„ู€ position ุงู„ุซุงุจุช ู„ู„ู€ icon ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู€ pages = consistency. ุงู„ู€ user ุจูŠุชุนู„ู… ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ูˆูŠุชูˆู‚ุนู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ.
A โ€” ุงู„ู€ Status ุนู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ู…ุซู„ cart countุŒ ู…ุด ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€ icon. ยท C โ€” ุงู„ู€ Recognition ุนู† ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ user ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ู€ icon ุจุฏูˆู† ุญูุธ. ู‚ุฑูŠุจุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุด ุงู„ุฃูุถู„. ยท D โ€” ุงู„ู€ Aesthetic ุนู† minimalismุŒ ู…ุด consistency.
๐Ÿ“‹

Cheat Sheet

SUS formula ยท Nielsen 10 ยท POUR ยท ISO definitions.

๐Ÿงฎ SUS Scoring Formula

Odd Qs (1,3,5,7,9)
response โˆ’ 1
Even Qs (2,4,6,8,10)
5 โˆ’ response
Sum (range 0โ€“40)
all converted values
Final score
sum ร— 2.5 = 0โ€“100
โ‰ฅ 80.3
A โ€” Excellent
โ‰ฅ 68
C โ€” Above avg
< 51
F โ€” fix now

๐ŸŒŸ Nielsen 10 Heuristics

H1
Visibility of System Status
H2
Match between system & real world
H3
User Control & Freedom (undo)
H4
Consistency & Standards
H5
Error Prevention
H6
Recognition rather than recall
H7
Flexibility & Efficiency
H8
Aesthetic & Minimalist
H9
Help recognize/recover from errors
H10
Help & Documentation

โ™ฟ POUR Accessibility

P
Perceivable โ€” alt text, captions, contrast
O
Operable โ€” keyboard nav, no time limits
U
Understandable โ€” clear lang, predictable nav
R
Robust โ€” works with assistive tech

๐Ÿ“– ISO Definitions

Usability
specified users, specified goals โ€” effectiveness + efficiency + satisfaction
Accessibility
widest range of characteristics and capabilities
Effectiveness
achieves goals successfully
Efficiency
quickly & with minimal effort
Satisfaction
user is happy with experience

๐Ÿšจ Famous Names

John Brooke 1986
Created SUS
Jakob Nielsen 1994
10 Heuristics
Tim Berners-Lee
"Power of web = universality"
Domino's 2019
ADA applies to digital โ†’ legal precedent
Project Euphonia
Google AI for speech impairments

๐ŸŽฏ UMUX (shorter SUS)

Questions
4 (vs SUS 10)
Scale
1โ€“7 (vs SUS 1โ€“5)
Correlates with SUS
Strongly
Best for
Rapid prototyping, early-stage
โšก

Rapid Revision

Flashcards ยท Common Mistakes ยท What the doctor loves.

3 pillars of UsabilityุŸ
tap
Effectiveness ยท Efficiency ยท Satisfaction
SUS formula for odd questionsุŸ
tap
response โˆ’ 1
SUS formula for even questionsุŸ
tap
5 โˆ’ response
SUS multiplierุŸ
tap
ร— 2.5 (range 0โ€“100)
POUR principlesุŸ
tap
Perceivable ยท Operable ยท Understandable ยท Robust
SUS creator + yearุŸ
tap
John Brooke ยท 1986
Nielsen Heuristics creator + yearุŸ
tap
Jakob Nielsen ยท 1994
Usability vs AccessibilityุŸ
tap
Usability = specified users ยท Accessibility = widest range
Microsoft Inclusive Design 3 principlesุŸ
tap
Recognize exclusion ยท Learn from diversity ยท Solve for one, extend to many
% of people with some disabilityุŸ
tap
15% global = 1 billion people
UMUX in 1 lineุŸ
tap
Shorter SUS โ€” 4 Qs on scale 1โ€“7
Domino's 2019 lessonุŸ
tap
ADA applies to digital platforms (legal)

๐Ÿšจ Common Mistakes

1. ู†ุณูŠุงู† ุถุฑุจ SUS ููŠ 2.5ุงู„ู€ sum ู…ู† 0-40. ู„ูˆ ู†ุณูŠุช ุชุถุฑุจ ููŠ 2.5ุŒ ู‡ุชู‚ุฏู… 34 ูƒุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุจุฏู„ 85. ุฏุงูŠู…ุงู‹ ุงุถุฑุจ ููŠ 2.5.
2. ุฎู„ุท ุงู„ู€ odd/even formulaOdd = positive items = subtract 1. Even = negative items = subtract from 5. ุงุชุฐูƒุฑ: "odd - 1, even from 5".
3. ุฎู„ุท Usability ูˆ AccessibilityUsability = specified users. Accessibility = widest range. ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ definition ุชุฎุชุงุฑ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ.
4. POUR โ€” ู…ุด PORU ุฃูˆ POUEP-O-U-R: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust. "POUR" ุฒูŠ ุจุตุจ water.
5. ู†ุณูŠุงู† ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ heuristicsุงู„ู€ doctor ุจูŠุฏูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ/scenario ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ ุฃูŠ heuristic. ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุฑุจุท ุงู„ู€ heuristic ุจุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ (Cart icon = consistency, undo = freedom, etc.).

โญ What Dr. El-Ramly Loves

๐Ÿ”ฅ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ Lec 7 (Winter 2025 ุฌุฏูŠุฏ + ู‚ุฏูŠู…)
  1. SUS calculation โ€” ุจูŠุฏูŠ 10 responses ูˆูŠุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู€ score. ุงุญูุธ ุงู„ู€ formula ูƒูˆูŠุณ.
  2. Nielsen heuristic violated โ€” ุจูŠุฏูŠ screenshot ู„ู€ bad UI ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ ุฃูŠ rule ุจูŠุฎุงู„ู.
  3. Encoding techniques โ€” universal icons.
  4. Accessibility definition โ€” ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญูŠุฉ "widest range".
  5. POUR โ€” ูƒู„ principle ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจู…ุซุงู„ (alt text = perceivable, keyboard = operable).
  6. System status icons โ€” ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ (battery, notifications, progress).